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This test analyzes different types of hemoglobin present in the blood using HPLC or electrophoresis techniques. It helps in identifying abnormal hemoglobin variants and quantifying normal fractions like HbA, HbA2, and HbF. The test is commonly used to diagnose thalassemia, sickle cell disease, and other hemoglobinopathies. It is useful for screening carriers, evaluating anemia of unclear cause, and confirming inherited blood disorders. Abnormal patterns guide further clinical evaluation and genetic counseling.