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The Serum Estradiol (E2) test is a blood test used to measure the level of estradiol, a primary form of estrogen hormone produced mainly by the ovaries in females and in smaller amounts by the testes in males and adrenal glands. Estradiol plays a vital role in the development and regulation of the female reproductive system, menstrual cycle, ovulation, and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics. In males, it contributes to bone health, libido, and hormonal balance. This test is commonly advised for evaluation of menstrual irregularities, infertility, delayed or precocious puberty, menopausal status, ovarian or testicular disorders, and monitoring of hormone therapy or assisted reproductive treatments. Abnormal estradiol levels may indicate ovarian dysfunction, polycystic ovarian syndrome, pituitary disorders, tumors, or hormonal imbalances. Proper timing of sample collection, especially in females according to menstrual cycle phase, is often important for accurate clinical interpretation.